January 2016 - PHARMA WISDOM

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Sunday 31 January 2016

ZIKA VIRUS: What you need to Know..!!!

23:09:00 0


About zika virus History:
The Zika virus is found in tropical locales with large mosquito populations. Outbreaks of Zika virus disease have been recorded in Africa, the Americas, Southern Asia and Western Pacific. The virus was first identified in Uganda in 1947 in rhesus monkeys and was first identified in people in 1952 in Uganda and Tanzania, according to the WHO.

Ten things you should know about Zika virus
Global health officials say the Zika virus, linked to severe birth defects in thousands of babies in Brazil, is spreading rapidly in the Americas and could infect 3 million to 4 million people. The race is on to develop a Zika vaccine.


The World Health Organization said Zika cases have been reported in 23 countries and territories in the Americas in the current outbreak. Brazil has been the nation most affected. Other nations and territories include Barbados, Bolivia, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Martinique, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Saint Martin, Suriname, Venezuela and the U.S. Virgin Islands, according to the PAHO.




Ten things you should know about Zika virus
The virus is transmitted to people through the bite of infected female Aedes mosquitoes, the same type of mosquito that spreads dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) said Aedes mosquitoes are found in all countries in the Americas except Canada and continental Chile, and the virus will likely reach all countries and territories of the region where Aedes mosquitoes are found.


Symptoms:1.About 1 in 5 people infected with Zika virus become ill (i.e., develop Zika).2.The most common symptoms of Zika are fever, rash, joint pain, or conjunctivitis (red eyes). Other common symptoms include muscle pain and headache. The incubation period (the time from exposure to symptoms) for Zika virus disease is not known, but is likely to be a few days to a week.3.The illness is usually mild with symptoms lasting for several days to a week.4.Zika virus usually remains in the blood of an infected person for a few days but it can be found longer in some people.5.Severe disease requiring hospitalization is uncommon.6.Deaths are rare.

Diagnosis:
1.The symptoms of Zika are similar to those of dengue and chikungunya, diseases spread through the same mosquitoes that transmit Zika.
See your healthcare provider if you develop the symptoms described above and have visited an area where Zika is found.
2.If you have recently traveled, tell your healthcare provider when and where you traveled.
3.Your healthcare provider may order blood tests to look for Zika or other similar viruses like dengue or chikungunya.

Treatment:

1. No vaccine or medications are available to prevent or treat Zika infections.
2. Treat the symptoms:
3. Get plenty of rest
4. Drink fluids to prevent dehydration
5. Take medicines, such as acetaminophen or paracetamol, to relieve fever and pain. 
6. Do not take aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), like ibuprofen and naproxen. Aspirin and NSAIDs should be avoided until dengue can be ruled out to reduce the risk of hemorrhage (bleeding). If you are taking medicine for another medical condition, talk to your healthcare provider before taking additional medication.
7. If you have Zika, avoid mosquito bites for the first week of your illness.
8. During the first week of infection, Zika virus can be found in the blood and passed from an infected person to another mosquito through mosquito bites.
9. There is no treatment or vaccine available for Zika infection. Companies and scientists are racing to develop a safe and effective vaccine for Zika, but one is not expected to be ready for months or years.

The PAHO said there is no evidence that Zika can cause death but some cases have been reported with more serious complications in patients with pre-existing medical conditions. 

The virus has been linked to microcephaly, a condition in newborns marked by abnormally small heads and brains that have not developed properly. It also has been associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome, a rare disorder in which the body's immune system attacks part of the nervous system. Scientists are studying whether there is a causal link between Zika and these two disorders.


People who get Zika virus disease typically have a mild fever, skin rash, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain and fatigue that can last for two to seven days. But as many as 80 percent of people infected never develop symptoms. The symptoms are similar to those of dengue or chikungunya, which are transmitted by the same type of mosquito.

The PAHO also said Zika can be transmitted through blood, but this is an infrequent transmission mechanism. There is no evidence the virus can be transmitted to babies through breast milk.






Prevention:
Until more is known, the Ministry of Health recommends that women who are pregnant or plan to become pregnant in the near term consider delaying travel to areas with Zika virus present. If travelling in Zika infected areas, women who are pregnant or plan to become pregnant should consult with their healthcare provider and take all precautions to avoid mosquito bites, including:
  • Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants
  • Use insect repellents containing DEET, picaridin, oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE), or IR3535. Always use as directed.
  • Insect repellents containing DEET, picaridin, and IR3535 are safe for pregnant and nursing women and children older than 2 months when used according to the product label. Oil of lemon eucalyptus products should not be used on children under 3 years of age.
  • If you use both sunscreen and insect repellent, apply the sunscreen first and then the repellent.
  • Use permethrin-treate clothing and gear (such as boots, pants, socks, and tents).
  • Use bed nets as necessary
  • Stay and sleep in screened-in or air-conditioned rooms.
If you are pregnant and develop a rash, red eyes, fever, or joint pain within 14 days of travel to a Zika virus infected country, please consult your health care provider and let them know your travel history.
Provisional Remarks ...
The National Health Institute reported that Colombia now has 20,297 cases of Zika infection, including 2,116 in expectant mothers.

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Friday 29 January 2016

PHARMACY STUDY MATERIAL

14:08:00 3



STANDARDIZATION OF HERBAL DRUGS (Evaluation of Crude Drugs)

PLANT TISSUE CULTURE (Micro-Propagation of Medicinal Plants)

NATURAL DYES

EXTRACTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF PHYTO-CONSTITUENTS

PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS

MARINE DRUGS

PRINCIPLES OF TRADITIONAL SYSTEM OF MEDICATION (TSM)

AYURVEDA (INDIAN TRADITION OF MEDICATION)

NUTRACEUTICALS
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HERBAL COSMETICS
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STUDY OF TRADITIONAL DRUGS
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UNANI SYSTEM OF MEDICATION
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FATS LIPIDS WAX
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ADULTERATION OF CRUDE DRUGS
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NATURAL PESTICIDES
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PHYTO PHARMACEUTICALS
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HISTORY OF PHARMACY
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FACTORS INFLUENCING CULTIVATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
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CULTIVATION, COLLECTION, STORAGE OF CRUDE DRUGS
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ETHNOBOTANY
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INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOGNOSY & SCOPE OF PHARMACOGNOSY
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GLYCOSIDES
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ALKALOIDS
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RESINS
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ANTI-CANCER DRUGS 
(ANTI-NEOPLASTIC AGENTS)
CHEMOTHERAPY OF CANCER
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ANTI-TUBERCULAR DRUGS
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CHEMOTHERAPY OF TUBERCULOSIS
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PENICILLIN
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ANTI-BIOTICS
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SULFONAMIDE 
(SULFA DRUGS - ANTI BACTERIAL AGENTS)
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Recombinant DNA (r-DNA) Technology
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ANTI FUNGAL DRUGS

STEROID HORMONES

ANTI - ARRHYTHMIC DRUGS

Classification and Synthesis of Chemotherapeutic Agents
(Sulpha drugs, Anti-Viral Drugs, Anti-Fungal Agents, Anti -Tubercular Agents, Anti-leprotic Agents, Anti-amoebic Agents, Anthelmintics, Anti-Malarial Drugs, Anti-cancer Drugs)
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STEREO-CHEMISTRY (3D CHEMISTRY)

STUDY OF FOLLOWING OFFICIAL COMPOUNDS - PHARM.D 1st YEAR
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Tuesday 26 January 2016

List of Padma awardees - 2016

14:19:00 1

Government today announced the list of Padma Awards 2016. Eminent personalities from different fields like public service, sports and entertainment will be awarded the Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri awards.
President Pranab Mukherjee approved conferment of Padma Awards to 112 people this year. The list comprises 10 Padma Vibhushan, 19 Padma Bhushan and 83 Padma Shri awardees. Here's the complete list.

PADMA VIBHUSHAN

Sl. No
Name
Field
State
1.                  
Ms. Yamini Krishnamurthi
Art- Classical dance
Delhi
2.                  
Shri Rajinikanth
Art-Cinema
Tamil Nadu
3.                  
Smt. Girija Devi
Art-Classical Vocal
West Bengal
4.                  
Shri Ramoji Rao
Literature & Education-Journalism
Andhra Pradesh
5.                  
Dr. Viswanathan Shanta
Medicine- Oncology
Tamil Nadu
6.                  
Shri Shri Ravi Shankar
Others-Spiritualism
Karnataka
7.                  
Shri Jagmohan
Public Affairs
Delhi
8.                  
Dr.Vasudev Kalkunte Aatre
Science & Engineering
Karnataka
9.                  
Shri Avinash Dixit
(Foreigner)
Literature & Education
USA
10.              
Late Shri Dhiru Bhai Ambani(Posthumous)
Trade & Industry
Maharashtra


PADMA BHUSHAN

Sl. No.
Name
Field
State
11.              
Shri Anupam Kher
Art-Cinema
Maharashtra
12.              
Shri Udit Narayan Jha
Art-Playback Singing
Maharashtra
13.              
Shri Ram V.  Sutar
Art-Sculpture
Uttar Pradesh
14.              
Shri Heisnam Kanhailal
Art-Theatre
Manipur
15.              
Shri Vinod Rai
Civil Service
Kerala
16.              
Dr. Yarlagadda Lakshmi Prasad
Literature & Education
Andhra Pradesh
17.              
Prof. N. S. Ramanuja Tatacharya
Literature & Education
Maharashtra
18.              
Dr. Barjinder Singh Hamdard
Literature & Education - Journalism
Punjab
19.              
Prof. D. Nageshwar Reddy
Medicine-Gastroenterology
Telangana
20.              
Swami Tejomayananda
Other-Spiritualism
Maharashtra
21.              
Shri Hafeez Contractor
Others-Architecture
Maharashtra
22.              
Shri  Ravindra Chandra Bhargava
Public Affairs
Uttar Pradesh
23.              
Dr.Venkata Rama Rao Alla
Science & Engineering
Andhra Pradesh
24.              
Ms. Saina Nehwal
Sports-Badminton
Telangana
25.              
Ms. Sania Mirza
Sports-Tennis
Telangana
26.              
Ms. Indu Jain
Trade & Industry
Delhi
27.              
Late Swami Dayanand Sarawasati(Posthumous)
Others-Spiritualism
Uttarakhand
28.              
Shri Robert Blackwill
(Foreigner)
Public Affairs
USA
29.              
Shri Pallonji Shapoorji  Mistry (NRI/PIO)
Trade & Industry
Ireland

PADMA SHRI 

Sl. No
Name
Field
State
30.              
Smt. Prathibha Prahlad
Art- Classical Dance
Delhi
31.              
Shri Bhikhudan Gadhvi
Art- Folk Music
Gujarat
32.              
Shri  Sribhas Chandra Supakar
Art- Textile Designing
Uttar Pradesh
33.              
Shri Ajay Devgn
Art-Cinema
Maharashtra
34.              
Ms. Priyanka Chopra
Art-Cinema
Maharashtra
35.              
Pt. Tulsidas Borkar
Art-Classical Music
Goa
36.              
Dr. Soma Ghosh
Art-Classical Vocal
Uttar Pradesh
37.              
Shri  Nila Madhab Panda
Art-Film Direction and Production
Delhi
38.              
Shri S.S. Rajamouli
Art-Film Direction and Production
Karnataka
39.              
Shri Madhur Bhandarkar
Art-Film Direction and Production
Maharashtra
40.              
Prof. M. Venkatesh Kumar
Art-Folk Artist
Karnataka
41.              
Ms. Gulabi Sapera
Art-Folk Dance
Rajasthan
42.              
Smt. Mamta Chandrakar
Art-Folk Music
Chhattisgarh
43.              
Ms. Malini Awasthi
Art-Folk Music
Uttar Pradesh
44.              
Shri Jai Prakash Lekhiwal
Art-Miniature Painting
Delhi
45.              
Shri  K. Laxma Goud
Art-Painting
Telangana
46.              
Shri Bhalchandra Dattatray Mondhe
Art-Photography
Madhya Pradesh
47.              
Shri Naresh Chander Lal
Art-Theatre & Cinema
Andaman & Nicobar
48.              
Shri Dhirendra Nath Bezbaruah
Literature & Education
Assam
49.              
Shri Prahlad Chandra Tasa
Literature & Education
Assam
50.              
Dr.Ravindra Nagar
Literature & Education
Delhi
51.              
Shri Dahyabhai Shastri
Literature & Education
Gujarat
52.              
Dr.Santeshivara Bhyrappa
Literature & Education
Karnataka
53.              
Shri  Haldar Nag
Literature & Education
Odisha
54.              
Shri Kameshwaram Brahma
Literature & Education -Journalism
Assam
55.              
Prof. Pushpesh Pant
Literature & Education-Journalism
Delhi
56.              
Shri Jawaharlal Kaul
Literature & Education-Journalism
Jammu & Kashmir
57.              
Shri Ashok Malik
Literature &Education
Delhi
58.              
Dr.Mannam Gopi Chand
Medicine-Cardio Thoracic Surgery
Telangana
59.              
Prof. Ravi Kant
Medicine-Surgery
Uttar Pradesh
60.              
Prof. Ram Harsh Singh
Medicine- Ayurveda
Uttar Pradesh
61.              
Prof. Shiv Narain Kureel
Medicine- Paediatric Surgery
Uttar Pradesh
62.              
Dr.Sabya Sachi Sarkar
Medicine –Radiology
Uttar Pradesh
63.              
Dr. Alla Gopala Krishna Gokhale
Medicine-Cardiac Surgery
Andhra Pradesh
64.              
Prof. T.K. Lahiri
Medicine-Cardio Thoracic Surgery
Uttar Pradesh
65.              
Dr. Praveen Chandra
Medicine-Cardiology
 Delhi
66.              
Prof. (Dr) Daljeet Singh Gambhir
Medicine-Cardiology
Uttar Pradesh
67.              
Dr.Chandrasekar  Shesadri  Thoguluva
Medicine-Gastroenterology
Tamil Nadu
68.              
Dr. (Mrs.) Anil Kumari Malhotra
Medicine-Homeopathy
Delhi
69.              
Prof. M.V. Padma Srivastava
Medicine-Neurology
Delhi
70.              
Dr. Sudhir V. Shah
Medicine-Neurology
Gujarat
71.              
Dr. M. M. Joshi
Medicine-Ophthalmology
Karnataka
72.              
Prof. (Dr) John Ebnezar
Medicine-Orthopaedic Surgery
Karnataka
73.              
Dr. Nayudamma Yarlagadda
Medicine-Paediatric Surgery
Andhra Pradesh
74.              
Shri  Simon Oraon
Other –Environment Conservation
Jharkhand
75.              
Shri Imitiaz Qureshi
Other-Culinary
Delhi
76.              
Shri Piyush Pandey
Others-Advertising & Communication
Maharashtra
77.              
Shri Subhash Palekar
Others-Farming
Maharashtra
78.              
Shri Ravinder Kumar Sinha
Others-Wildlife Conservation
Bihar
79.              
Dr. H.R. Nagendra
Others-Yoga
Karnataka
80.              
Shri M. C. Mehta
Public Affairs
Delhi
81.              
Shri M. N. Krishna Mani
Public Affairs
Delhi
82.              
Shri Ujjwal Nikam
Public Affairs
Maharashtra
83.              
Shri Tokheho Sema
Public Affairs
Nagaland
84.              
Dr. Satish Kumar
Science & Engineering
Delhi
85.              
Dr.Mylswamy Annadurai
Science & Engineering
Karnataka
86.              
Prof. Dipankar Chatterji
Science & Engineering
Karnataka
87.              
Prof.(Dr.) Ganapati Dadasaheb  Yadav
Science & Engineering
Maharashtra
88.              
Smt. (Prof.) Veena Tandon
Science & Engineering
Meghalaya
89.              
Shri Onkar Nath Srivastava
Science and Engineering
Uttar Pradesh
90.              
Ms. Sunita Krishnan
Social Work
Andhra Pradesh
91.              
Shri Ajoy Kumar Dutta
Social Work
Assam
92.              
Shri  M. Pandit  Dasa
Social Work
Karnataka
93.              
Shri  P. P. Gopinathan Nair
Social Work
Kerala
94.              
Smt. Madeleine Herman de Blic
Social Work
Puducherry
95.              
Shri Srinivasan Damal Kandalai
Social work
Tamil Nadu
96.              
Shri Sudhakar Olwe
Social Work
Maharashtra
97.              
Dr. T.V. Narayana
Social Work
Telangana
98.              
Shri Arunachalam Murugantham
Social Work
Tamil Nadu
99.              
Ms. Deepika Kumari
Sports-Archery
Jharkhand
100.         S
Shri Sushil Doshi
Sports-commentary
Madhya Pradesh
101.          
Shri Mahesh Sharma
Trade & Industry
Delhi
102.          
Shri Saurabh Srivastava
Trade & Industry
Delhi
103.          
Sh Dilip Sanghvi
Trade & Industry
Maharashtra
104.          
Dr. Keki Hormusji Gharda
Trade & Industry
Maharashtra
105.          
Late Shri Prakash Chand Surana  (Posthumous)
Art  -Classical Music
Rajasthan
106.          
Late Shri  Saeed Jaffrey
(NRI/PIO/Posthumous)
Art-Cinema
UK
107.          
Shri  Michael Postel
(Foreigner)
Art-Archaeology
France
108.          
Shri  Salman  Amin Sal Khan(NRI/PIO)
Literature & Education
USA

109.          
Smt. Hui Lan Zhang
(Foreigner)
Others-Yoga
China
110.          
Shri  Predrag K. Nikic
(Foreigner)
Others-Yoga
Serbia
111.          
Dr.Sundar Aditya Menon
(NRI/PIO)
Social Work
UAE
112.          
Shri  Ajaypal Singh  Banga(NRI/PIO)
Trade & Industry
USA




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